ORIGINS OF A BRIEF HISTORY BOROBUDUR
TIME WAS
A lot of books - history books write
about Borobudur but when Borobudur was founded can not be in the know with
certainty,but an estimate can be
obtained by writing short in pahatkan at the top of the frame relief original
foot Borobudur (Karwa Wibhangga)
showed similar letters to that in
getting from inscriptions at the end of the century - 8 until the early twentieth
century - 9
of evidence - such evidence can be
deduced that Borobudur was founded around the year 800 AD
the above conclusion it turned out to
correspond exactly to the framework of the history of Indonesia in general and
the history that is in the area of central Java in particular,
the period between the late - 8 and
mid-century - 9 at the famous century Gold Wangsa dynasty
triumph is the mark on the rise and a
large number of temples which is on a slope - the slope of the mountain mostly
standing typical building hindu while scattered on the plains - the plains is a
typical building Buddhist but there are also some typical Hindu
thus it can pull in the conclusion
that Borobudur was built by the dynasty dynasty is famous in history because as
efforts to uphold and glorify the Mahayana Buddhism.
Development stage Borobudur
* The first phase of
the construction period Borobudur is
not known for sure (estimated at between 750 and 850 AD). Initially
built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a terraced pyramid. but
later changed. As there is evidence that demolished apartment layout.
* The second phase
Borobudur foundation widened, plus
two square steps and one step directly circle given a large parent stupas.
* The third stage
railroad on a circle with a large
parent stupas dismantled and removed and replaced three railroad circles.
Stupas built on top of these steps with a large stupa in the middle.
* The fourth stage
There are small changes such as the
manufacture of relief changes stairs and arch over the door.
FINDING BACK
Borobudur is a marvel of the world
towering between the lowlands around him.
There will never make sense they see
the artwork greatest were the work was amazing and no more sense again when in
said Borobudur Temple had been damaged
Indeed, that is the situation
Borobudur forgotten during the grace period long enough even to many - century
building that was so grandly faced with the destruction process.
About - about only 150 years of
Borobudur in use as a center of pilgrimage, a short time compared to the age
when workers decorate / build hills nature Borobudur temple with stones - under
the famous of Samaratungga,
around the year 800 - late with the
end Mataram kingdom out 930 M center of the life and culture of Java shifted to
the east
Similarly, since abandoned, neglected
so long - longer there - here growing kind of - kind of wild plants gradually
become overgrown and covered the building.
At about - about century - 10
Borobudur abandoned and forgotten.
New in 1814 AD thanks to the efforts
of Sir Thomas Stamford Rafles Borobudur emerged from the darkness of the past.
Rafles was Lt. Governor General
English, when Indonesia in controlled / in invaded England in 1811 AD -1816 AD
In the year 1835 AD the entire temple
exempted from being a barrier scenery by the second president named Hartman,
because so interested to Borobudur so
he sought a further cleaning,
debris still covered -puing temples
in and get rid of soil covering the hall - the hall of the temple in the temple
get rid of all that better compared to before.
First Photo Borobudur of 1873, the
Dutch flag appeared at the main stupa temple
RESCUE 1
Since Borobudur is found begins
remedial and restoration back building Borobudur
initially - first only done small -
piecemeal and making pictures - pictures and photo - photo reliefs ,
Restoration of Borobudur temple which
was first held in 1907 AD - 1911 AD under the leadership of Mr. Van erf with
the intention is to avoid damage - damage that is greater than building
Borobudur
highest terrace after restoration Van
Erp
although many parts of the wall or
walls - three of the walls, especially the level under the Northwest, North and
Northeast are still lopsided and very worrying for the visitors as well as the
building itself, but the job has been temporarily Van Erp Borobudur temple can
be saved from greater damage.
Regarding the gate - the gate only a
few are already in the working days have to restore the glory of the past,
but also need to realize that the
years - years that passed Borobudur during hidden in the bush - bush indirectly
cover and protect from the bad weather that may can damage the building
Borobudur,
Van Erp argued tilt and meleseknya
wall - the wall of the building was not very harmful to the building,
opinion was until 50 years later it
is not wrong but since 1960 AD opinion of Mr. Van erf was started in doubt and
in fear there will be more damage
restoration of Borobudur temple
Borobudur restoration on the start
date of August 10, 1973
prasati commencement of work
restoration of Borobudur temple is located in the Northwest Facing east
employee restoration of no less than
600 of them there are workers - young high school graduates and SIM
buildings which is provided with
education, especially regarding the theory and practice in the field of Chemika
Archaeology (CA) and Technology Archaeology (TA)
Technology Archaeology duty and
assembled stones - Borobudur temple while Chemika Archaeology in charge of
cleaning and repair stones - which are already cracked and broken,
jobs - pekerjan above all archeology
is handled by the agency Borobudur restoration,
while the work of a technical nature
such as the provision of transport providing materials - building materials
handled by the contractor
(PT Nidya WORKS aND tHE CONTRUCTION
aND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION OF tHE Filipine).
Part - part Borobudur temple in pugar
is part Rupadhatu namely the level of the bottom of the square while the foot
of Borobudur temple as well as a terrace I, II, III and stupa participate in
pugar restoration was completed on February 23, 1983 AD under the leadership of
DR Soekmono to mark an inscription stone weighing + 20 Ton.
Inscription completion of restoration
is in the west lawn with a huge stone on the make with the two parts of the
north-facing one another towards the east
of writing in the inscription is
signed directly by personnel and skilled experts from Yogyakarta who worked on
the project restoration of Borobudur temple ,
Overview of Candi Borobudur
Restoration Process Time
* 1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles,
Governor General of United Kingdom in Java, heard about the discovery of
antiquities in the village of Borobudur.
Raffles ordered HC Cornelius to
investigate the discovery site, a hill covered with shrubs.
* 1873 - the first monograph
published about the temple.
* 1900 - The Dutch East Indies
government established a committee of restoration and maintenance of Borobudur.
* 1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the
restoration until 1911.
* 1926 - Borobudur restored again,
but stopped in 1940 due to the crisis malaise and World War II.
* 1956 - The Indonesian government
requested the assistance of UNESCO.
Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to
Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.
* 1963 - The Indonesian government
issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the event G-30-S.
* 1968 - At the 15th conference in
France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
* 1971 - The Indonesian government
established a body chaired by the restoration of Borobudur Prof.Ir.Roosseno.
* 1972 - International Consultative
Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as
chairman.
UNESCO-sponsored committees to
provide 5 million US dollars of the cost of restoration of 7,750 million US
dollars.
The rest is borne Indonesia.
* August 10, 1973 - President Suharto
inaugurated the start of the restoration of Borobudur; restoration was
completed in 1984
* January 21, 1985 - bomb attacks
that destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur was soon restored.
The attack carried out by Islamic
extremist group led by Husein Ali Al Ethiopia.
* 1991 - Borobudur designated as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Stones Warning restoration of
Borobudur temple with the help of
UNESCO'SNAME ORIGIN BOROBUDUR
Many theories attempt to explain the
name of this temple.
One of them states that the name is
probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means
"mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces.
In addition there are several other
folk etymology.
Suppose borobudur word comes from the
word "the Buddha" is due to shift borobudur sound.
Another explanation is that the name
comes from the two words "coal" and "beduhur".
The word bara said to have originated
from the monastery, while there are also other explanations where the coal
comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning
is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means
"above".
So the point is a monastery
dormitories were on high ground.
Historians JG de Casparis in his
dissertation for a doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of
worship.
Based on the inscriptions
Karangtengah and Kahulunan, Casparis estimate founder of Borobudur is the king
of the Mataram dynasty dynasty named Samaratungga, doing construction around
824 AD
The huge building will be completed
at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani.
Borobudur construction is expected to
take half a century.
In Karangtengah inscription also
mentioned about the bestowal of land sima (tax-free land) by CRI Kahulunan
(Pramudawardhani) to maintain kamulan called Bhūmisambhāra.
Kamulan term itself comes from a word
originally meaning the origin, the sacred building to honor ancestors,
most likely ancestor of the Sailendra
dynasty.
Casparis estimates that Bhumi
Sambhāra Bhudhāra in Sanskrit which means "Hill set of ten levels
boddhisattwa virtue", is the original name of Borobudur.
BUILDING BOROBUDUR
DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING BOROBUDUR
Borobudur was built using stone
Adhesit 55,000 M3
building Borobudur pyramid-shaped
berundak - steps with stairs going up at all - four sides (north, south, east
and west)
at Borobudur was no room in where no
one can enter but can rise to the top only.
The width of the building Borobudur
123 M
Long building Borobudur 123 AD
In 113 M banked corners
and high building Borobudur 30.5 M
At the foot of the original in closed
by a rock Adhesit as many as 12,750 M3 undaknya lobby.
Borobudur has punden basic structure,
with six square courtyard, three courtyards circular hoop and a main stupa as a
peak.
Also scattered in all the court
several stupas.
Ten courtyard owned Borobudur
illustrates clearly the philosophy of Mahayana sect.
Like a book, Borobudur described ten
levels of Bodhisattva who must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.
The legs symbolize Kamadhatu
Borobudur, the world is still controlled by kama or "low desire".
This section is mostly covered by a
pile of rocks that were allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the
temple.
In a closed section structure, there
are 120 additional panel Kammawibhangga story.
A small portion was set aside
additional structure so that people can still see the relief in this section.
Four floors with walls berelief on it
by the experts called Rupadhatu.
The floor is rectangular.
Rupadhatu is a world that has been
able to break free from lust, but is still bound by the appearance and shape.
This level represents the nature of
which, between the underworld and the upper world.
In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues
found in niches in the wall above ballustrade or breezeway.
Starting from the fifth floor the
wall does not have a relief.
This level is called Arupadhatu
(which means no tangible form or not).
Circular floor plan.
This level represents the upper
world, where people are free from all desires and bond forms and shapes, but
have not reached nirvana.
Statues of Buddha placed in a stupa
covered with holes like in a cage.
From the outside the statues were
still seem vague.
The highest level that describes the
absence of form is represented in the form of the largest and highest stupa.
Stupa depicted plain without holes.
In the largest stupa Buddha statues
have been found incomplete or unfinished also called Buddha, which
disalahsangkakan as Adibuddha statue, but through further research there is
never a statue at the main stupa, sculptures that do not finish it the fault of
the sculptor in ancient times.
according to the belief that one
statue in the manufacturing process it should not be tampered with.
Archaeological excavations conducted
in the pages of this temple discovered many statues like this.
In the past, several Buddha statues
along with 30 stone reliefs, two lions, a few shaped stone, stairs and gates
are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn, who visited the Dutch East
Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the Dutch Government as that.
Borobudur has no worship spaces like
the other temples.
That there are long hallways which is
a narrow road.
The halls surrounding the walled
temple level by level.
In the halls is expected to perform
the ceremony Buddhists walk around the temple in the right direction.
The form of the building without room
and terraced structure is believed to be the development of a form of punden,
which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia.
Borobudur structure when viewed from
above form the structure of the Mandala.
Borobudur structure does not use
cement at all, but the interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be
attached without glue.
STATUE
Inside the building Buddhism there is
a statue - a Buddha statue amounted to 504 including the following:
Buddha statue found in the niche -
niche: 432 Fruit
While on the terrace - terrace I, II,
III totaled 72 Fruit
Total: 504 Fruit
To be more precise arrangement -
arrangement of Buddha at the Buddha statue as follows:
1. Step I teradapat: 104 Statues of
Buddha
2. Step II are: 104 Statues of Buddha
3. Step III are: 88 Statues of Buddha
4. Step IV are: 22 Statues of Buddha
5. Step V There : 64 Buddha statue
6. there is patio Round I: 32 Statues
of Buddha
7. terrace Round II are: 24 Statues
of Buddha
8. terrace Round III are: 16 Statues
of Buddha
Number: 504 Buddha statue
Buddha statue at a glance it looks
like everything but actually means there is also the difference is very clear
distinction and also distinguishing each other is in the attitude of his hand,
which is called Mudra and it is typical for each statue
hand posture Buddha statue in
Borobudur temple there are 6 kinds just because of sorts because of sorts mudra
which is owned facing all directions (South East West and North) in the
rupadhatu step V or in part arupadhatu generally reflect the same purpose, the
amount of mudra principal there are 5
five mudras it is Bhumispara - Mudra
Wara - Mudra, Dhayana - Mudra Abhaya - Mudra, Dharma chakras - Mudra.
STATUE LION
At Borobudur Temple in addition to
the Buddha statue is also a statue of a lion number of lions should be no less
than 32 pieces but if the count is now their numbers are declining due to
various reasons the only statue of a great lion in page West side which is also
facing west as if - if guarding the building Borobudur magnificent and
graceful.
STUPA
- Stupa Parent
Sized greater than stupas - stupa
other and located in the middle - the middle of the top which is mhkota of the
entire monument Borobudur Temple building,
the center line Stupa mains + 9.90 M
highest peak called pinakel / Yasti Cikkara, situated at the top Padmaganda and
also trletak in line Harmika.
- Perforated Stupa / Overlay
Referred perforated stupa Stupa or
overlay is found on the terrace I, II, III in which there is a statue of
Buddha.
In Borobudur number of perforated
stupas whole 72 Fruit, stupas - stupa is located at a level Arupadhatu
terrace I there are 32 Stupa
Terrace II, there were 24 Stupa
Terrace III are 16 Stupa
Number 72 Stupa
- Stupa small
Stupa small shaped almost the same as
stupa others are just alone the difference is menojol is the smaller size of
the stupa the other, as if - if embellishments building Borobudur
keberadaanstupa occupy a niche - niche in step II saampai step to V, while in
step I be Keben and partly in the form stupa small number of small stupa there
1472 Fruit.
RELIEF
At every level carved reliefs on
temple walls.
These reliefs read in accordance
clockwise or referred mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from
Sanskrit meaning daksina is east.
These reliefs variety of story
content, among other reliefs Jataka stories.
Reading of the stories always the
starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate at every level, starting
on the left and right ends of the gate.
So obviously that the east is the
ladder up the real (primary) and to the top of the temple, it means that the
temple facing east while the other sides of similar right.
In sequence, the story of the temple
reliefs significant briefly as follows:
Karmawibhangga
accordance with the symbolic meaning
of the feet of temple,
thereliefs that decorate the walls of
a hidden shelf illustrates the law of karma.
Rows of relief is not a story series
(serial),
but in each frame illustrates a story
that has a causal correlation.
Relief does not just give a picture
of the human misconduct penalty shall be accompanied by acquired,
but also the good deeds of man and
reward.
Overall is a depiction of human life
within the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) which never ends, and by
the Buddhist tersebutlah chain to be terminated for perfection
Lalitawistara
History is a depiction of the Buddha
in a row of relief (but not a history full)
which starts from the Buddha's
descent from heaven Tusita, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park
near the city of Banaras.
This relief lined the stairs on the
south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east
side of the stairs.
All 27 frames depict activity, both
in heaven and in the world, as a preparation to welcome the presence of the
Bodhisattvas last incarnation as the Buddha.
The reliefs depict the birth of the
Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of King Suddhodana and
Empress Maya of Kapilavastu State.
The reliefs were 120 frame, which
ended with the first sermon, which is symbolically expressed as the Wheel of
Dharma, the teachings of the Buddha called dharma which also means
"law", while the dharma represented as a wheel.
JatakaAwadana
Jatakaare stories about the Buddha
before he was born as Prince Siddhartha.
Its content is the subject of
protrusion of good deeds, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas of any other
creature.
Indeed, the collection services /
good deed is a preparatory stage in the effort toward the level to Buddhahood.
While Awadana, basically similar to
the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and
stories collected in the book Diwyawadana meaning noble act of divinity, and
the book Awadanasataka or a hundred stories Awadana.
At Borobudur temple reliefs Jataka
and Awadana, are treated equally, meaning they are in the same row without
distinction.
The set of the most famous of the
life of the Bodhisattva is Jatakamala or thread Jataka, Aryasura and poet who
lived in the 4th century AD.
Gandawyuha
is a row of reliefs adorn the walls
of the hallway to-2, is the story Sudhana who traveled tirelessly in his search
for the highest knowledge of the Truth by Sudhana.
Depiction in 460 frames based on the
Mahayana Buddhist scriptures called Gandawyuha, and to the lid by any other
book story that is Bhadracari.
BUDDHIST ARCA
Besidesform of Buddha in Buddhist
cosmology is engraved on the wall of Borobudur there are many statues of buddha
sitting cross-legged in the lotus position and displays the mudras, or symbolic
hand gesture particular.
Buddha statue in the recesses at the
level Rupadhatu, arranged by row on the outer side of the balustrade.
Dwindling on its upper side.
The first row of the balustrade
consists of 104 niches, the second row of the recesses 104, the third line 88
niches, niches fourth row 72, and the fifth line 64 niches.
The total number there are 432
statues of Buddha in Rupadhatu level.
At the Arupadhatu (three circular
courtyard), the statue of Buddha placed in stupas berterawang (perforated).
At first circular courtyard there are
32 stupas, the second court of 24 stupas, and the third courtyard there are 16
stupas, everything is a total of 72 stupas.
Of the original number as many as 504
Buddha statues, over 300 have been damaged (mostly headless) and 43 missing
(since the monument's discovery, buddha head as frequently stolen items, mostly
by foreign museums).
At first glance all this buddha
statues look similar, but there are subtle differences among them, namely the
position of mudras or hand gesture.
There are five groups of mudra:
North, East, South, West, and Central America, all of which is based on five
main directions of the compass according to Mahayana teachings.
Fourth balustrade has four mudras:
North, East, South, and West,
where each buddha statues facing the
direction mudra typical displays.
Buddha statues at the fifth
balustrades and statues of Buddha in the 72 stupas berterawang in the courts
above displays mudra: Middle or Central.
Each mudra symbolizes the five Dhyani
Buddhas;
each with its own symbolic meaning
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